CRYSTALS (from the Greek ϰρύσταλλος - ice; rock crystal), solid or liquid substances consisting of regularly arranged atoms, molecules, ions or their groups. The size of the latter can be 10–10,000 nm or more. In solids, these particles are arranged in identical parallelepipeds, the so-called. elementary cells. A cell can be represented as an nesting of several Bravais lattices, in each of which the nodes are occupied by atoms of the same type. The number of embeddings is determined by the number of types of atoms in nonequivalent positions in the crystal. Periodic The repetition in space of a unit cell constitutes a crystal structure, and all nested Bravais lattices constitute a crystal lattice. Liquid crystals are composed of parallel oriented organics. molecules elongated in a ratio greater than ca. 1:2.5. In the so-called smectic liquid K. these layers are approximately parallel to each other.
Crystal symmetry
Rice. 1. Image of the structure of a SrTiO3 crystal with an edge dislocation D along the [100] direction in an electron microscope; the white line is an incomplete molecular plane ending in a dislocation...
The need for continuous regular filling of space allows for the possibility of symmetry axes of only the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th orders in a frame, that is, the combination of a frame (all its parts) with itself when rotating around an axis by 180°, 120°, 90° and 60°. Crystals may have other symmetry operations—planes of symmetry and a center of symmetry (see Symmetry of crystals). The set of all symmetry operations that leave one point fixed forms a point symmetry group of a complex. The group of atoms, the periodic repetition of which any structure of a complex is built, belongs to one of 32 classes of point symmetry, and the entire structure belongs to one of 230 groups of spatial symmetry. 32 classes of point symmetry are distributed over 7 systems (systems). In order of decreasing symmetry, these are: cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic systems. In this order, the number of arbitrary angles and unequal lengths of the sides of the unit cell increases. The symmetry of K. imposes restrictions on its possible properties. Thus, crystals with a center of symmetry cannot spontaneously have oppositely charged faces, that is, they cannot be pyroelectrics or ferroelectrics.
The structure and symmetry of a crystal follow from the nature of the interaction between its particles. In carbon, this is electromagnetic interaction, which is determined primarily by electrons. Chemical type The bonds between atoms in crystals determine many of their properties (see Ionic crystals, Covalent crystals, Metallic crystals, Molecular crystals).
K. of this chemical. composition and structure exist only in certain temperature and pressure ranges. For example, ice at atmospheric pressure is stable only below 0 °C, iron - below 1538 °C. Outside these intervals, particles either melt, or evaporate, or, while remaining solid, change the arrangement of particles, i.e., the structure, passing into another, the so-called. polymorphic modification (see Phase transition). Splices K. decomp. orientations and powders are called polycrystals.
K.'s structure is usually determined by X-ray structural analysis. A complex can be represented as a set of mutually parallel and variously oriented families of planes along which the atoms of the crystal are located. The surface density of atoms in each family is different. The X-ray beam is reflected most intensely from the X-ray planes with the highest atomic density. By recording the intensity of reflections from different angles, not only the structure of the crystal is deciphered, but also the structure of its constituent molecules. The larger the size of the unit cell and the more perfect the crystal, the more measurable reflections can be obtained and the more accurately the coordinates of atoms can be determined. Structures of hundreds of thousands of inorganic connections are collected in international. data banks. Growing more than 20 thousand cells from protein molecules and viruses made it possible to determine the structure of these biological ones. molecules and particles, sometimes containing tens of thousands of atoms (see Biological crystal). Modern electron, atomic force and tunneling microscopy make it possible to see the atomic structure of carbon (Fig. 1).
Druse of emerald
Topaz druse
CRYSTALS-KEEPERS OF CHRONICLES OR KEEPERS OF KNOWLEDGE
They have triangles on their faces that indicate the presence of knowledge, but to obtain this knowledge a certain person is required, since this information is intended only for him. They wait for such a person to appear and only then show their true essence.
Crystals
- Teachers
are just that: “Teachers”. They transmit vibrations that awaken the higher powers of consciousness and direct our attention to the level of the soul. They open up the possibility of contact with areas of the higher “I”. Such a crystal is most often used for meditation, each crystal communicates its essence and function, so a person needs to learn to calm chaotic thoughts and master mental discipline. A person, through such a crystal, comprehends the art of communication between the world of people and minerals.
Sky
crystals
are known as structured quartz. These are special quartz brought to our planet to promote universal cleansing, healing and awakening. They carry great strength necessary in overcoming the burden of human emotions, clear the mind of darkness, allow one to recognize the truth and tune in to the realm of the Heavenly. The shape of these crystals is unlike any other type of quartz. The crystal body ends at a natural apex and they do not have any blunted or chipped edges. Unlike regular quartz, sky crystals can have multiple peaks, one, or none at all.
Guardians
of the Earth
are incredibly huge quartz crystals that are carriers of ancient knowledge of primordial civilizations.
CRYSTALS AND ZODIAC SIGNS
Since ancient times, people have known about the power and properties of natural stones. They were used in talismans, amulets and amulets.
Talismans made from stones selected according to the zodiac sign fill the one who wears them with miraculous powers, help strengthen character traits, new features, bring success, confidence, happiness, good luck in business, wealth and attractiveness, and also protect against unfavorable events.
Amulets and amulets are natural stones with protective properties that can protect the owner from various negative events - the evil eye, diseases, disasters, and at the same time, strengthen the subconscious, increasing the ability to sense signs of impending danger.
Astrologers claim that the influence of stones on a person’s fate and health is determined by the position of the planets and constellations of the zodiac signs. The most useful stones for a person are those that suit the sign under which he was born.
Natural stones and zodiac signs are very connected. This relationship has been tested for centuries. According to it, stones corresponding to the signs of the Zodiac can become a talisman for a person for the rest of his life.
Of course, natural stones not only have a protective effect, but can also heal various diseases. Even simply wearing correctly selected natural stones helps to accumulate strength and strengthen the immune system.
Aries
(21.03-20.04)
Aries stones are all sunny, bright and juicy, and at the same time powerful and strong like spring coming into full force. They enhance his qualities, calm him down and help correct Aries’ shortcomings.
Aries stones: agate, amazonite, aquamarine, rock crystal, carnelian, serpentine, citrine, coral, quartz, tiger or hawk's eye, jasper.
Taurus
(21.04-21.05)
Taurus stones are agates and chalcedony that form deep underground. Taurus is a symbol of stability and revival of nature, the development of emerging life. Since Taurus’ spiritual development potential is already very high, the main task of his talismans is to guide Taurus in a constructive direction.
Taurus stones: agate, lapis lazuli, amazonite, carnelian, moonstone, turquoise, jasper.
Twins
(22.05-21.06)
This sign prefers emerald, gold and warm yellow tones; cold, gloomy stones that will suppress Gemini or even cause harm to them are not suitable for them. If Gemini lacks energy, they can always draw it from natural stones. Since Gemini is a warm summer sign and the season of wearing jewelry is in full swing, they can collect a large, varied collection of jewelry with stones, buy and wear stones according to their desire and mood.
Gemini stones: amethyst, agate, rock crystal, amazonite, pearl, quartz, coral, amber, garnet, citrine.
Cancer
(22.06-22.07)
The element of Cancer is water, therefore its stones are subordinate to the element of water - light, transparent, light blue and emerald green, soft and sunny stones. The sign of Cancer is characterized by softness, but at the same time high mobility, the desire to achieve everything in a simple and short way. Cancer resists the influence of fire and tries to compensate for its excess or deficiency. That is why stones for Cancers are primarily recommended to be light, transparent and calm. But water stones, corals, pearls and mother of pearl are suitable for Cancer.
Cancer stones: any pearls, jade, amazonite, moonstone, rock crystal, serpentine, lapis lazuli, malachite, amber, jasper.
a lion
(23.07-23.08)
The host planet of Leo is the Sun, which means its stones are amazingly sunny golden, bright orange and unusually light. The last greenery of summer and the rich golden colors of the new harvest. But darker and heavier autumn stones are also possible for Leo. However, a lion cannot immediately wear both dark and light stones - he must separate them.
Leo stones: citrine, amber, agate, coral, rock crystal, malachite.
Virgo
(24.08-23.09)
Virgos do not like both dark and overly bright stones - mysterious deep shades and muted tones suit them. This sign is a time of mysterious and dense shades of the setting Sun and the beginning of autumn. Virgo lacks fire, therefore, fiery stones with rich warm shades are suitable for this sign. Virgo’s neatness requires that the stones do not shine, have a muted glow, and that their color is in harmony with clothing, mood and situation - this is the main criterion for selecting and wearing jewelry for Virgo.
Virgo stones: agate, rhodonite, lapis lazuli, coral, jasper, rock crystal, carnelian, rhodonite, malachite, amber.
Scales
(24.09-23.10)
Libra is a very special sign for which there are no obligatory stones, but there are no stones that can do much harm. Libras can wear almost all stones without restrictions; autumn colors suit them best - various shades of purple, dark blue, indigo, green, yellow or orange. The color of their stones is reminiscent of Indian summer and the beginning of autumn. At the same time, these are already winter-dark nights, which is why Libra also has black stones. Libra is balance, the golden mean. The only thing that astrologers do not recommend for Libra is excessive extremes. It is recommended to wear colder stones in winter, while warmer shades are better in summer and autumn.
Libra stones: amethyst, labradorite, crystal, jasper, citrine.
Scorpion
(24.10-22.11)
In Scorpio, different extremes usually coexist. Therefore, both black and scarlet, dark blue or deep lilac stones are suitable for him - richly colored stones. Scorpio does not tolerate light and delicate colors; yellow and golden-green do not suit him. The Scorpio sign has its own potential for managing its energies, although blue, scarlet and black shimmering stones will only help it in this.
Scorpio stones: agate, coral, hematite, black onyx, pearl, quartz, labradorite, turquoise
Sagittarius
(23.11-21.12)
Sagittarius is the next sign of contrasts, and stones for Sagittarius are recommended of different types: on the one hand, these are scarlet, surprisingly fiery stones, and on the other, these are dark and cold stones. Firmness, determination, and rationality. Unity and struggle of opposites. Brightness and contrast are the principles of selecting stones for the Sagittarius collection. It is better to wear according to the principle of the opposite: in difficult and gloomy times, Sagittarius needs to wear red and fiery stones, and in active and hot times - colder or dull stones.
Sagittarius stones: turquoise, jasper, coral, obsidian, amethyst, lapis lazuli, hematite, rock crystal.
Capricorn
(22.12-20.01)
Capricorn is a self-sufficient sign. Capricorns are active, offensive, but also inconsistent. Their host planet is Saturn, so they need fire stones. Many stones that are considered dangerous for some signs (such as serpentine, agate, labradorite and others) will only help Capricorns. Only Capricorn can have the most diverse set of stones and wear stones without paying attention to anything - seasons, months and zodiac signs.
Capricorn stones: agate, pearls, labradorite, serpentine, hematite, chrysoprase, onyx, rock crystal.
Aquarius
(21.01-19.02)
Aquarius symbolizes the element of Air, but in this sign of the Zodiac all the elements seem to be blurred. The sign is ruled by gloomy Uranus, which makes Aquarius not afraid of unusually cold, dark and even a little insidious. There are no stones that can be extremely harmful to Aquarius. Gray skies, ice crystals, stars or shimmering northern lights. But Aquarius cannot refuse stones with soft energy, which they urgently need. However, they should be careful with warm and fiery stones such as coral, carnelian, amber and others.
Aquarius stones: moonstone, pearl, amethyst, aventurine, rock crystal, agate, jade, obsidian, chrysoprase, malachite, jasper.
Fish
(20.02-20.03)
Pisces is a sign of reflection, expectation. The end of Winter, the very beginning of spring. Winter is not giving up yet, but the sun is already beginning to warm up, streams are babbling, primroses are breaking through.
Pisces stones are Water, dark, cold and deep. Very blue and blue-green tones predominate. Pisces stones are, without a doubt, green and blue crystals of all possible shades. And also Pisces stones - created in water - pearls and corals.
LEMURIAN CRYSTALS
Most people refer to Lemurian Crystals as “Lemurian Seed Crystals.” This name emphasizes that these crystals carry a very ancient consciousness, storing the original codes of Paradise, which came from the stars to seed the Planet .
Lemurian star seed crystals are said to have originated in the land known as Mu or Lemuria. This civilization is said to have been a peaceful and highly developed spiritual civilization that existed in the region of the South Pacific Ocean, an area currently located at the bottom of the ocean. The Lemurians are believed to have known about a future cataclysmic event, and prepared information-filled crystals to preserve their knowledge and traditions, which are contained in notches (bar codes). In the last days of their civilization, the Lemurians decided to plant the seeds of crystals programmed to convey messages of unity. After seeding the crystals on Earth, most of the Lemurians left this planet, traveling to other star systems, possibly as light beings or souls. Others went to the inner lands (Telos), where they continue to care for the Earth and the crystals they programmed are floating out now.
Lemurian crystals or star seeds are the “master” crystals of the Crystal Realm. Within the planetary hologram they are connected to all the crystals. They convey to the rest of the crystals the message of Unity, Union and Love, which was the key energy of Lemuria. Their task is to reactivate the ancient memory of Unity and Unity in the planetary matrix so that it becomes a way of life on the New Earth.
LEMURIAN CRYSTALS
ATLANTIC LEMURIAN MASTER CRYSTALS
Our unique time is characterized by the impending Transition from the third and fourth dimensions to the fifth. The determining factor for this is the increase in the frequency of vibrations of the collective consciousness of humanity. It entails a change in the vibrations of the Earth, since we are very closely connected with it.
To increase the vibrations of the Earth and universal human consciousness, Lemurian master crystals were delivered to the planet from the Sirius star system. Together with the Atlantean master crystals, which were created on Earth during the golden age of Atlantis by the Sirius-Pleiades alliance, they are called upon to play a primary role in the Ascension of the planet and humanity.
If the Atlantean master crystals were directly related to the activation by planetary crystal grid-144, then the Lemurian master crystals play a direct role in the activation by planetary crystal grid-999.
Activation of planetary grids entails activation of planetary and universal consciousness with subsequent planetary ascension.
We all know that the crystal grid-144 was fully operational on 12:12:12. But the 144 crystal lattice is not final. As we move into higher dimensions, and therefore increase in vibrational frequency, it will be transformed into a more complex structure - the Planetary Crystalline Grid 999.
The “Ascension in the East and West” project and the activation of Lemurian crystals associated with it is a necessary stage in the creation of a new planetary crystalline grid 999 as a form of crystalline consciousness of people and the planet.
CRYSTAL SKULL MAX
The owner calls him "Max". He is a skull made from a single piece of rock crystal, found about 100 years ago in a Mayan tomb in Guatemala.
The date of its creation is almost impossible to determine. Various experts give figures from 5,000 to 36,000 years ago. According to one legend, he is one of the 13 crystal skulls that exist in this world (this legend is told more accessible in the film “Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Crystal Skull”). That someday all 13 skulls will be connected and we will receive an inexhaustible source of ancient wisdom and knowledge.
The owner of the artifact, Joan Park, is currently traveling around the United States with her skull and giving various interviews and giving lectures on TV.
“Many people think that these things are from other planets and can transmit coded messages to us. Some believe that they are from Ancient Atlantis. I think so myself. I think he is part of a now lost culture and a forgotten civilization.
Films were made about the “Max” skull on the Discovery Channel, the BBC, and it was placed for research in the British Museum, which called it authentic. Many people who were near “Max” experienced strange visions.
“The first time I sat next to him, I went into a trance state,” says Miss Park, “I don’t remember what happened after that. He is not part of any religion, he has nothing to do with it. He is here to help everyone know themselves."
How did it happen that a simple housewife from Houston became the owner of a valuable artifact?
According to Park, she and her husband were introduced to a Tibetan healer named Norbu Chin in 1973. At the time, their 12-year-old daughter was dying of bone cancer, and they sought treatment in all areas. It was not possible to save the daughter, but the Parks became closely involved with Tibetan medicine and worked in a medical foundation with Chin. It was from him that they learned about the skull. According to the healer, it was found in 1924 in a Mayan tomb in Guatemala. In 1970, a shaman from Mexico allegedly gave it as a gift to Chin.
“Chin interacted with many famous people,” says Park, “astronauts, actors, professors and scientists.”
In 1977, Chin died and before his death he gave the skull to the Parks with the words “Take it and someday you will understand why you need it.” Joan Park put the skull in her closet and forgot about it for ten years.
In June 1987, she was watching TV, and they were showing a program about crystal skulls. Something made the woman find out more about this, and she went to the Houston Museum to look at these artifacts. There she learned about the skulls that are kept in museums in England and France. She showed them her skull, she was told that very little is known about such things, the workers wanted to put it on display, but Joan did not agree. She brought the skull back home and wanted to put it back in the closet, saying “what a skull,” but then it was as if she heard a voice in her head. The voice replied, “I’m not the Skull, my name is Max.”
“I remember that I immediately said “Holly-Molly” and jumped up,” says Joan. “But he calmed me down, saying that he would not harm me. That he is only a tool, a teacher, and that he will also serve humanity for various purposes.”
Since then, Joan and “Max” have flown around many countries, including France, Great Britain and Holland. "Max" participated in many ceremonies and rituals associated with planetary light work. Her skull was the inspiration for the Indiana Jones movie.
ABOUT CRYSTAL SKULLS
"Paradigm of Perfection"
Archangel Metatron via James Tyberon (channeled excerpts)
Man is a spirit undergoing a human experience. It is important for all people to realize that you are not just visitors-observers of the planet on which you live, you are co-creators of the planetary reality in which you exist.
And in this planetary environment, humanity is equally a part of the existing sphere of the earth, often not higher, not lower, but a unique part of it. This awareness is an important key to understanding the mechanics of upcoming leaps in consciousness and development.
And this is the logical reason that the crystalline aspects of your earth mineral kingdom, which are equally conscious, are energy lifting devices (crystals, crystal skulls) that raise the earth and human frequency environment.
But that's not all. The human body is moving from a carbon base to a silicon base, thus becoming more crystalline physically. This is why so many of you are now more than ever attracted to gems and crystals and the crystalline regions of the planet... and the Crystal Skulls. Because they are transcoding to the library & paradigm of the Crystal Pattern.
The Crystal Turtles hold vast libraries of information pertaining to the intense changes taking place on Earth that are truly important to humanity.
Crystal Skulls contain vibrational codes and are the paradigm of the "Ascension Paradigm" and the "Enhanced Human Prototype".
From a linear Earth perspective, a Crystal Skull is a human-shaped skull made from various types of crystalline material, usually quartz. However, we will tell you that the authentic skull has an extraterrestrial conglomerate of what can be called "higher quartz", having in its composition pure quartz fused with the diamond aspect and fused in the alchemical sense with frequency gold. This is a material similar to that used on the Crystal Moon of Atlantis and the magnificent Temple Crystals, similar but not exactly the same. In fact, the original skulls predate the Atlantean Temple Crystals in linear terms.
Only two of the Crystal Skulls in current circulation are currently of extraterrestrial origin. These authentic crystal skulls came from another world and another reality.
Originally modeled crystal skulls were brought to Earth by the Arcturians and Pleiadians, and it was brought to the earth that became Lemuria, but in fact the model was brought before the planet was fully in polarity. It was brought to the planet during the Firmament, to the zero point of the Earth, let us say, the non-magnetic plane, to the Earth World which knew perfection, which was inhabited by the androgynous manifestation of the Etheric Spirit in full consciousness. However, it was already known that the Firmament would fall, disappear, and the plan then was that this model, this extraordinary holographic archive, the original crystalline skull, would serve as the prototype for this initial holistic aspect. And so it contains within itself a model of the 12 layers of DNA, the fully conscious pure mind and being of an evolved human being.
The crystal skulls contain within them what you were before the human experiment and what you will be when you complete its endless cycle.
Skull Max is truly one of the true Crystal Paradigms. It is of Pleiadian and Arcturian construction and origin. MAX is a vast consciousness, like a supercomputer, with a significant library of data contained within it. He is the most powerful, most conscious of all the remaining "Ancient Crystal Skulls". He is one of two skulls that are truly extraterrestrial in origin. The other is called "Sha Na Ra". Both come from the moon of a huge planet orbiting Arcturus (about 20 times larger than your largest planet, Jupiter).
MAX
SHA NA RA
MITCHELL HEDGES
There is a legend about the existence of 13 skulls, but only one holds the full energy of 12 and that is Max. Therefore, 12 skulls were manifested to represent each of the 12 individual aspects of the One, and thus the 12 surrounding the one (Max) at the center became, over time, a ceremonial and symbolic ritual. Each of the 12 represented an aspect and expression of each of the 12 dimensions of the earth plane and each of the 12 levels of each dimension, each layer of DNA, each component of the 144 that is extremely important to the Earth experience, the Earth Plane.
Question to Metatron: It has been said that the original 13 skulls must be brought together for the Ascension to occur. Can you talk about this?
Archangel Metatron: My dears, they are together. They etherically form a circle under Tibet. You don't have to worry that they have to be physically picked up, folded and put together to unlock the door of Ascension.
The knowledge inherent in genuine Crystal Turtles is the knowledge of the Universal Mind. It is vast and enriching. Access to this information stimulates an understanding of who you are. Placing your consciousness within the crystal skull is actually a way of working with them, opening portals and doors to a world beyond your greatest expectations. However, entering the skull is not like having a spoken dialogue, but more like a download, you might say, a sudden and clear reception of information that changes your paradigm, expands your understanding. Some receive information as visual images, others as information packs, downloads if you wish, and sometimes both. The information is already in the subconscious, in the deeper part of the subconscious, which you call the super subconscious. It exists in the realm of light that you call ultraviolet.
Crystals in nature
Most substances on Earth and other planets are in solid crystalline form. condition. In nature, minerals are called minerals. They make up the miner. raw materials, e.g. metal salts and oxides (ores), quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3, in fine crystalline form - marble), granite. K., which are part of living organisms, are biominerals, they are predominant. are poorly soluble metal salts (Ca, Mg, Mn, etc.) of carbonic or phosphoric acids, alternating with the deposition of proteins. Bones and teeth are 70% composed of K. hydroxyapatite, the unit cell of which contains two molecules of Ca5(PO4)3OH. The size of K. biominerals ranges from several nm to several microns. Stones in the kidneys and pancreas can reach several mm and cm. Polymers consist of parallel layers in which long chains of polymer molecules are laid.
Colloidal particles with a size of 102–103 nm, equally charged with liquid ions adsorbed on them, are ordered in this liquid into colloidal particles, since dense packing in a cell allows more particles to be placed per unit volume than with a chaotic arrangement.
Natural opals are close-packed balls of amorphous SiO2 with a diameter close to the wavelength of visible light (approx. 0.5 μm), “glued together” with a filler in the interparticle space (see Photonic crystal).
Possible ways of growth and education
- Crystallization by sublimation. This method of crystallization involves the transition of a substance from a gaseous state to a solid, bypassing the liquid phase. A similar process occurs in nature in volcanic fissures or craters when the substance quickly cools. However, the simplest example is the formation of snowflakes from water in winter.
Water crystal - snowflake
- Decrystallization is the transition of a substance from a solid to a solid state, which can occur in two scenarios. The first is the transition of a substance from an amorphous solid to a crystalline one. For example, crystallization of glass occurs, including the crystallization of volcanic rocks containing glass.
- The second is the recrystallization of a substance with the destruction of the old structure and the formation of a new one. Most rocks are formed in this way. Well-known examples of recrystallization: the transition of limestone to marble, quartz sandstones to quartzites, or clayey rocks to phyllites.
Single crystal of ruby (corundum)
Crystal Shape
Rice. 2. Initial stage of formation of dendritic succinonitrile single crystal. Photo by M. E. Gliksman (Florida State University).
The form of unprocessed K. is the form of its growth (see Crystallization); it reflects the atomic structure of crystals. The planes of crystals, in which the density of atoms is greatest, grow most slowly, through the successive generation and propagation of new layers one or several thick. elementary cells. Therefore, they are usually limited to crystalline ones. polyhedra growing from vapors, solutions or chemically complex melts. For substances with low entropy of fusion, e.g. in metals, thermal motion disorderes surfaces of any orientation. Then K. grows at almost the same speed in all directions and is almost spherical. form. This form is unstable and turns into the so-called. dendritic (Fig. 2). Metallurgical an ingot is a conglomerate of fused intertwined dendrites. Snowflakes are dendrites of ice grown from vapor. Despite its bizarre shape, the dendrite has a single crystalline structure. lattice, i.e. it is a single crystal.
Rice. 3. Some simple forms of crystals (a); combination of simple forms (b); observed crystal cuts (c).
A set of crystallographically identical faces, i.e., faces that are combined with each other during symmetry operations of a given class of point symmetry, forms the so-called. simple form K. There are 47 simple forms in total, but only some of them can be implemented in each class. A stone can be faceted by edges of one simple shape (Fig. 3, a), but more often by edges resulting from a combination of these shapes (Fig. 3, b, c). A crystal belonging to a class containing only rotational axes of symmetry (not containing planes, centers of symmetry or inversion axes), e.g. quartz can crystallize into mirror-like decomposition. forms - right and left (so-called enantiomorphism).
Etymology
It is noteworthy that the name of crystals comes from the Greek words “to freeze” and “cold”, and in the time of Homer this word was used to describe rock crystal, which was then considered “frozen ice”. At first, this term was used to describe only faceted transparent formations. But later, opaque and uncut bodies of natural origin also began to be called crystals.
Rhinestone
Properties of crystals
depend on the direction in K., i.e. the crystal is anisotropic. For example, the same potential difference applied in different directions in a single crystal causes differences. electric current. Dependence of the direction and strength of the current on the applied electric current. fields are described by a conductivity tensor of the 2nd rank, and not by a single number, as in the case of the conductivity of an amorphous solid or liquid. The number of independent and non-zero components of the tensor is determined by the point symmetry of K. Similarly, the external electric. field, differently oriented relative to the crystalline. dielectric lattice, causes dif. ion displacement (polarization) that is not parallel to the applied field. Therefore, the speed of light in non-cubic space, for example. KH2PO4 (KDP), depends on the direction in K., and the light beam bifurcates. Both beams can run parallel in selected directions (synchronism), and then electric. the fields of their light waves add up. Tensor dielectric permeability of the 2nd rank K. depends on the field through the tensor of the 3rd rank electro-optical. coefficient As a result, a second harmonic occurs, i.e., the frequency of the light passing through the KDP doubles. This is used in optics, in particular in the laser systems being created to produce energy through the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei. Electro-optical the effect is also used to deflect a ray of light passing through a K. by applying a potential difference to the K. Tensor of the 3rd rank piezoelectric. coefficient determines the potential difference between the faces of the circuit, i.e., the electrical vector. K. polarization caused by mechanical load on the K. (stress tensor in K.). The effect is used to measure small voltages and displacements. The opposite effect, the deformation of the surface under the action of an applied field (see Electrostriction), controls the movement of the surface probe needle in scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes.
Crystal defects –
this is a violation of the strict periodicity of its structure. Point defects include empty nodes (vacancies), foreign particles in lattice nodes or interstices (impurities); linear defects – dislocations, which are the edges of unfinished lattice planes inside the crystal (Fig. 1); two-dimensional defects—the boundaries of kinetic regions rotated relative to each other, stacking faults, and boundaries of twins. In K. macroscopic. inclusions, as well as internal mechanical stresses caused by point, line and two-dimensional defects. Almost all defects significantly change the semiconductor properties of metals and reduce the electrical conductivity of metals; impurities and vacancies change the color of dielectrics, affect the ease of repolarization of ferroelectrics and magnetization reversal of ferromagnets, etc. Dislocations, grain boundaries, and stacking faults completely determine the plasticity and strength of crystals, but have little effect on their elasticity.
Rice. 4. KH2PO4 (KDP) crystal measuring 54x55x56 cm, grown at a rate of approx. 1.5 cm/day. Photo by N. P. Zaitseva, J. J. de Yoreo, L. N. Rashkovich (Livermore National Laboratory...
Rice. 5. CdSe nanosingle crystal, in which the wavelength of absorbed light (color) changes with the size of the crystal. Transmission electron microscopy, the crystal lattice is visible. Photo by N.P. Zaitseva (Li...
Growing crystals. Single crystals are most often grown from melts, less often from solutions and vapors (see Crystallization). The advantage of melts is the proximity of the densities of the melt and the melt, which allows you to achieve max. growth rate (on the order of several mm/min). On the contrary, thin monocrystalline. films for electronics receive Ch. arr. in gas-phase processes, mainly surface, chemical reactions, as well as the condensation of molecular beams in a vacuum at a speed of the order of several nm/min on plates cut from single crystals. In this case, the phenomenon of epitaxy is used - the oriented growth of one crystal on another. To the beginning 21st century The semiconductor crystal industry grows approx. 6 thousand tons of silicon per year. Single crystals of dislocation-free Si with a density of point defects on the order of 10–10 times the atomic density, with a diameter of up to 30 cm and a length of up to 2 m, are pulled from the melt. Similar methods are used when growing smaller laser cells. The growth rate of KDP from solution is much lower (on the order of several mm/day), but the efforts, including joint efforts, of scientists in Russia and the USA make it possible to industrially grow KDP KDP in size of approx. 0.5 m (Fig. 4) at a speed of approx. 1.5 cm/day while maintaining high perfection. The main interrelated problems of cultivation remain the perfection and purity of the crystals.
Polycrystalline metal ingots – Ch. metallurgy products. Controlling the size, shape and evolution of these compounds, studying the role of additives, their selection, and much more. other questions - the subject of metallurgy. Polycrystals in the form of powders are also widely produced by industry. Nanocrystals with a size of 1–100 nm (Fig. 5) are obtained chemically. reactions in solutions or gases. To avoid the enlargement of nanocrystals caused by a decrease in their total surface energy, they are covered with thin shells. It is also promising to grow long (on the order of several mm) nanotubes - rolled up layers of graphite, as well as whisker-like crystals.
Applications of crystals
K. is the basis of many modern ones. devices. They are the main functional elements of solid-state electronics: computers, generators and receivers of radiation (including laser), magnetic recording devices, consumer electronics, etc. They are widely used in optics, as well as as structural materials (for example, sapphire) in many varieties. sensors and other precision instruments. Crystallic. powders (salt, sugar, medicines, mineral fertilizers, explosives, etc.) are widely used in food, pharmaceutical. industry, agriculture, metallurgy and other areas.
